Ship-wake Module

We have implemented various types of source functions for ship-wave generation.

1) PRESSURE SOURCE TYPE I

Following Ertekin et al. (1986), Wu (1987), and Torsvik et al. (2008), the pressure disturbance with a center point at \((x^*, y^*)\) is given by:

(50)\[p_a(\tilde{x},\tilde{y},t) = P f(\tilde{x},t) q(\tilde{y},t),\]

where:

(51)\[\begin{split}f(\tilde{x},t) = \left \{ \begin{array}{rl} \cos^2\left [\frac{\pi(\tilde{x}-x^*(t)-\frac{1}{2}\alpha_1 L)}{(1-\alpha_1) L} \right ], & \frac{1}{2}\alpha_1 L < \tilde{x} - x^*(t) \le \frac{1}{2}L \\ \cos^2\left [\frac{\pi(x^*(t)-\tilde{x}-\frac{1}{2}\alpha_2 L)}{(1-\alpha_2) L} \right ], & -\frac{1}{2}L \le \tilde{x}-x^*(t) \lt -\frac{1}{2}\alpha_2 L \\1, & - \frac{1}{2}\alpha_2 L \le \tilde{x} - x^*(t) \le \frac{1}{2}\alpha_1 L \end{array} \right.\end{split}\]
(52)\[\begin{split}q(\tilde{y},t) = \left \{ \begin{array}{rl} \cos^2 \left [\frac{\pi(|\tilde{y}-y^*(t)|-\frac{1}{2}\beta W)}{(1-\beta) W} \right ], & \frac{1}{2}\beta W < |\tilde{y} - y^*(t)| \le \frac{1}{2}W \\ 1, & |\tilde{y} - y^*(t)| \le \frac{1}{2}\beta W \end{array} \right.\end{split}\]

In the rectangle, \(- L/2 \le \tilde{x} - x^*(t) \le L/2\) and \(- W/2 \le \tilde{y} - y^*(t) \le R/2\), and zero outside this region; \(L\) and \(W\) represent the length and width of the pressure source, respectively. \(\alpha_1\), \(\alpha_2\) and \(\beta\) are parameters representing the shape of the draft region, and \(0\le(\alpha_1, \alpha_2, \beta)<1\). They can be evaluated using the block coefficient of a watercraft as described below. (\(\tilde{x}, \tilde{y}\)) is the coordinate system for the pressure disturbance which may be rotated by an angle relative to the Boussinesq coordinate system (\(x,y\)). \(P\) is a parameter controlling the surface displacement. In fact, \(p_a\) is the static depression around the vessel.

In contrast to the formulation of the pressure distribution in the previous study (Torsvik et al., 2008), \(P\) has a unit of meters and can be interpreted as the inverse barometer effect corresponding to the static surface depression for a stationary vessel.

The values of \(\alpha_1\), \(\alpha_2\), and \(\beta\) are shape parameters and can be obtained by adjusting \(\alpha_1\), \(\alpha_1\) and \(\beta\) to get the displaced volume (static submerged volume of the vessel):

(53)\[V_{\mbox{sub}} = \iint p_a d\tilde{x} d\tilde{y}\]

which should match a given block coefficient \(C_B\) defined by:

(54)\[C_B = \frac{V_{\mbox{sub}} }{L \cdot W \cdot D}\]

in which \(D\) represents draft of a vessel. An example of how the pressure source is implemented in FUNWAVE is shown in the figure below for \(\alpha_1, \alpha_2,\) and \(\beta = 0.25, 0.5,\) and \(0.5\), respectively. Click on the image to enlarge it.

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2) PRESSURE SOURCE TYPE II

Type II of the pressure-type source is formulated following Bayrakter and Beji (2013). David et al. (2017) used this formulation in their tests. The pressure source can be written as:

(55)\[p_a(\tilde{x},\tilde{y},t) = P \left[1-a(\tilde{x}/L)^4 \right] \left[1-b(\tilde{y}/W)^2 \right] e^{-c(\tilde{y}/W)^2}\]

where \(a\), \(b\) and \(c\) are form parameters. For a slender body, \(a=16.0\), \(b=2.0\) and \(c=16.0\).

3) SLENDER SOURCE TYPE I

For the slender-type source, the additional volume flux induced by ship motion is applied in the mass conservation equation:

(56)\[dQ = F * \sin (2\pi (\tilde{x}-x^*(t))/L) * \cos (2\pi (\tilde{y}-y^*(t))/W)\]

where \(dQ\) represents the flux gradient. \(F\) is a parameter which can be determined by the block ratio. The formula is calculated in the rectangle \(- L/2 \le \tilde{x} - x^*(t) \le L/2\) and \(- W/2 \le \tilde{y} - y^*(t) \le R/2\), and zero outside this region.

4) SLENDER SOURCE TYPE II

The Type II of the slender source is similar to the Type I but with two additional parameters representing sizes of bow and stern:

(57)\[\begin{split}dQ = \left \{ \begin{array}{rl} F * \sin (2\pi ((\tilde{x}-x^*(t)-\frac{1}{2}\alpha_1 L)/(1-\alpha_1)L) * \cos (\pi \tilde{y}/W), & \frac{1}{2}\alpha_1 L < \tilde{x} - x^*(t) \le \frac{1}{2}L \\ F * \sin (2\pi ((\tilde{x}-x^*(t)+\frac{1}{2}\alpha_2 L)/(1-\alpha_2)L) * \cos (\pi \tilde{y}/W), & -\frac{1}{2}L \le \tilde{x}-x^*(t) \lt -\frac{1}{2}\alpha_2 L \\ 0, & - \frac{1}{2}\alpha_2 L \le \tilde{x} - x^*(t) \le \frac{1}{2}\alpha_1 L \end{array} \right.\end{split}\]

The formula is calculated in the rectangle \(- L/2 \le \tilde{x} - x^*(t) \le L/2\) and \(- W/2 \le \tilde{y} - y^*(t) \le R/2\), and zero outside this region. An example of lengthening the pressure source by increasing \(\alpha_1\) to 0.75.

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To set up vessels in the model, see Shipwakes.

References

Bayrakter, D., and S. Beji, (2013). “Numerical simulation of waves generated by a moving pressure field”. Ocean Engineering, 59: 231-239. DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.12.025.

Daved, C.G., V. Roeber, N. Goseberg, and T. Schlurmann, (2017). “Generation and propagation of ship-borne waves - Solutions from a Boussinesq-type model”. Coastal Engineering, 127: 170-187. DOI: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.07.001.

Ertekin, R.C., Webster, W.C., Wehausen, J.V., 1986. “Waves caused by a moving disturbance in a shallow channel of finite width”. Cambridge University Press, 169: 275-292. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112086000630.

Torsvik, T., Pederson, G., Dysthe, K., 2009. “Waves Generated by a Pressure Disturbance Moving in a Channel with Variable Cross-Sectional Topography”. J. of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Eng., 135 (3). DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2009)135:3(120).

Wu, T.Y., 1987. “Generation of upstream advancing solitons by moving disturbances”. Cambridge University Press, 184: 75-99. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112087002817.